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English Language
English Grammar

B2 Grammar

The perfect tense system, complex conditionals and passives, reporting verbs, reduced clauses, inversion, and information focus.

1. The Perfect Tense System

The perfect is not a tense but a backward look. Only the point you look from changes.

2. Future Continuous and Future Perfect

Two forms that look at the future from inside it: one through the window of a process, one from past the finish.

3. Third Conditional

The structure people use for regret, relief and going over what went wrong.

4. Mixed Conditionals

A condition from one time, a consequence from another. That is how people actually talk about life.

5. Wish, If Only, and Unreal Past

After wish a past form marks not past time but dissatisfaction with how things are.

6. Modal Verbs about the Past

A modal plus have plus the third form. One structure for judging everything in the past.

7. Extended Uses of the Passive Voice

The passive can do everything the active can. It all comes down to the chain of be before the third form.

8. Have and Get Something Done

A way to say the work was not done by you. And the same form says something was done to you.

9. Reporting Verbs and Their Patterns

One precise verb reports both the words and the intention. But each of them demands a frame of its own.

10. Passive Reporting Structures

The structure of news and academic writing: to say that people think so, and name nobody.

11. Complex Relative Clauses

Two commas, one preposition and the word whose. That is what precision in a complex sentence is built from.

12. Reduced Relative Constructions

Drop the who and the form of be, and the sentence loses two words and nothing else.

13. Participle Clauses

An opening phrase always belongs to the subject of the main clause. Forget that and nonsense follows.

14. Gerunds and Infinitives with Meaning Changes

The to form looks forward, the ing form looks back. Every meaning pair grows from that.

15. Noun Clauses

A whole clause can be slotted inside another sentence and handled exactly like a noun.

16. Advanced Embedded Questions

Do you know takes a yes or a no. Do you think no longer allows either.

17. Inversion after Negative Adverbials

Front a negative and the sentence starts behaving like a question while staying a statement.

18. Emphasis Constructions

The fact stays the same and the emphasis moves. To do that, English cuts the sentence in two.

19. Ellipsis and Substitution

English hates repetition. Instead of the second verb, only the auxiliary remains.

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