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English Language
English Grammar

C1 Grammar

Nuanced tense and modality, marked word order, nominalisation, complex noun phrases, hedging, academic grammar, and cohesion.

1. Nuances of Tense and Aspect

At this level a tense is chosen not by a rule but by where you are looking at the event from.

2. Complex Modality and Degrees of Certainty

Modality is not a list of words but a scale. And on it, where your certainty came from matters.

3. Alternative Conditional Constructions

A condition can be expressed without if, and then it starts meaning something slightly different.

4. Inversion and Fronting

English word order carries not grammar but attention: what is known comes first, what matters comes last.

5. Cleft and Pseudo-cleft Sentences

A sentence is cut in two so that one half becomes given and the other lands under the spotlight.

6. Reduced and Verbless Subordinate Constructions

You can compress a clause as long as the reader can restore who is doing what.

7. Nominalisation

An action can be turned into a thing. The text grows denser, and the doer disappears.

8. Complex Noun Phrases

A long phrase hangs on its head noun. Find it, and everything else falls into place.

9. Agreement in Complex Constructions

The verb agrees with the head of the subject, not with whatever stands closest to it.

10. Pronoun Reference and Textual Linking

A pronoun costs one word; an ambiguous pronoun costs the reader a whole paragraph.

11. Hedging and Distancing

Hedging is not timidity but precision: you claim exactly as much as you can support.

12. Grammar of Formal and Academic Style

Formality is not a stock of long words but precise links and complete structures.

13. Grammar of Textual Cohesion

A text holds together not through connectors but because each sentence ends where the next begins.

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