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English Language
English Grammar

B1 Grammar

Connected tense choice, conditionals, passive voice, reported speech, gerunds, infinitives, and logical links.

1. Choosing Tenses in Connected Text

In connected text the tense is chosen for the event, not for the sentence.

2. Narrative Tenses

A story rests on three tenses: one paints the scene, one moves it, one explains the cause.

3. Present Perfect Continuous

A form that talks not about the result but about how long it took.

4. Used to and Would for Past Habits

Two structures for past habits. One handles states, the other does not.

5. Be Used to and Get Used to

One little to, and here it is a preposition. That is why an ing follows, not a base verb.

6. Ways of Expressing the Future

English has no future tense. It has four forms, and each says something different about you.

7. Second Conditional

The past form after if marks not past time but distance from reality.

8. Modals of Deduction

The same words as for permission, but here they measure how sure you are.

9. Passive Voice in Common Tenses

A way to put what happened first, when the doer is unknown or beside the point.

10. Reported Speech: Statements

When you report somebody's words, the tense inside them takes a step back.

11. Reported Speech: Questions and Requests

A reported question stops being a question: do disappears and the word order goes back to normal.

12. Non-defining Relative Clauses

Two commas change not the intonation but the meaning: they decide how many brothers you have.

13. Gerunds and Infinitives after Verbs

The first verb dictates the form of the second. And in a few cases that form changes the whole meaning.

14. Indirect Questions

Politeness costs one move here: inside the question the word order becomes that of a statement.

15. Question Tags

A little tail at the end of a sentence that turns a statement into a request for agreement.

16. Articles and Determiners

An article answers one question: does the listener know which one you mean.

17. Conjunctions and Logical Links

Because and therefore mean the same, yet they live in different places and want different punctuation.

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